notes pathogen filarial nematode/roundworm 7 pathogen_name Wuchereria bancrofti 7 type nematode 7 family Filarioidea 7 disease_name lymphatic filariasis (LF) 7 alternate names microfilaria 7 alternate diseases elephantiasis, Hydrocele and lymphoedema 1 primary host humans 7 R0 5 mff/mosquito 13 transmission mosquito vector 7 life-cycle hosts Anopheline mosquito 7 parallel hosts cattle, goats, fowl, ducks 10 incidence ???? US : 0 4 prevalence Globally: Est. 2.0% (120 million cases) 2,3,9 Endemic communities: 10-50% 9 Misima Island, Papua New Guinea : 56% (1997) 2 Masaika, East Africa : 24.9 % (2002) 1 Oriental Mindoro, Phillipines : 12.6% (2003) 6 South India : 3.1 % (2002) 5 US : 0% 4 symptoms swelling, scarring and infections most often in the legs and groin first existed 100 Ma 11 first recognized 1866: Otto Wucherer 7 1876: Joseph Bancroft 7 preventable? avoiding mosquito bites; controlling transmittance by preventing ingestion of larvae by mosquitos 9 immunity? none treatable? diethylcarbamazine (DEC), albendazole 4,8,9 disease generation time 7-21 days 9 case mortality 0.1 deaths/ million people 12 morbidity 55+% w/ clinical elephantiasis, Hydrocele and lymphoedema 13 economic impact loss of male labor in endemic areas; est. loss of $1 billion USD/yr in both India and Africa 14 one cool thing Hard to diagnose until recently b/c of \nocturnal periodicity\ which restricts their appearance in the blood to only the hours around midnight. New finger-prick \card tests\ can be used w/o lab at any time of day. 9 source 1 Simonsen et al. (2002) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66: 550-559. source 2** **Wynd et al. (2007) Filaria J. 6: 1-7 source 3 Michael et al. (1996) Parasitology 112: 409-428 source 4 http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/l/lymphatic_filariasis/prevalence.htm source 5 Srividya et al. (2002) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67:480-489 source 6 Tan (2003) Filaria J. 2:12 source 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis source 8 Addiss (2005) Indian J. of Urology 21:12-17 source 9 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs102/en/ source 10 Samuel et al. (2004) J. of Med. Entomol. 41:442-446 source 11 Bandi et al. (1998) Proc: Bio. Sci. 265:2407-2413 source 12 http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mor_fil_percap-mortality-filariasis-per-capita source 13 http://www.anopheles.org/showabstract.php?pmid=3049274 source 14 http://www.filariasis.org/pdfs/trstmh_2000_94_592.pdf